Ion of of 5.2 ionic infuse notes of of technology of 5 surfaces modified person and photograph of technology of other surface aggrandizement are compared, have the following distinct advantage: (1) ion records the part after the person, can maintain original dimension precision and exterior surface roughness well, do not need redo other surface to machine processing, very agree with last working procedure that the nice spare parts such as aviation bearing produces; (2) in principle does not accept metallurgy or the restriction that balance phasor, can ask according to the working requirement of the spare parts and technology, choose any elements noting a person of need, pour person dosage and energy, gain the bearing face of the special requirement such as expectant tall wearability or corrosion resistance, flexibility is big, practical strong, the choice to base material also can relax appropriately, can save stuff of precious heavy metal of precious tall alloy steel products and other thereby; (3) infuse layer and base material union are firm and reliable, without apparent interface, in use won't arise to fall off and decorticate phenomenon, this pair raises bearing life and working dependability for very important; (4) ion notes a person is process of high temperature of a blame, can finish below inferior temperature, the spare parts won't produce temper, be out of shape and the surface oxidizes; (5) have very good can accuse gender and repeatability. Euramerican waited for a country to have much research to ionic infuse [30~37] . American naval lab had the research of infuse of ion of bearing spare parts since 1979, england, Denmark and Portuguese wait for a country to begin to have the job with as naval as the United States similar lab from 1989. The result makes clear: The corrosion resistance that infuse chromic ion can increase M50 steel significantly can, and fight osculatory exhaustion function to also rise somewhat; In addition still come to those who raise appearance bearing fight with ion of the boron that note a person wear away ability; To bearing steel 52100 undertake infuse of azotic plasma source ion (PS Ⅱ ) hind layer nitride is formed in the surface, can raise bearing steel be able to bear or endure corrode sex, use at replacing costly stainless steel; Undertake to ball bearing of SUS440C stainless steel nitrogen, boracic ionic infuse can reduce ball bearing tiny those who swing is small brace up wear away the dirt that reachs bearing is discharged, additional, undertake to stainless steel (Ti N) or (Ta N) infuse of plasma immersion ion (PS Ⅲ ) can raise its significantly microscopical hardness, wearability and life. 5.2 surfaces besmear Fu surface besmears Fu technology includes: Deposit of physical gas phase (PVD) , deposit of chemical gas phase (CVD) , radio frequency is splashed shoot (RF) , ionic spray (Plasma Spraying Coating, PSC) , chemical plating [38~42] . PVD and CVD photograph are compared, be handled in its process the Wen Sheng of workpiece is low, plating hind does not need to have heat treatment again, wider application receives in the finishing of bearing spare parts again. The PVD of classics of steeliness bearing spare parts such as 100Cr6, 440C, CVD or RF plating TiC, TiN, TiAlN hind, exhaustion of the wearability that can raise bearing part, contact fights force, reduce exterior coefficient of friction. SKF company developed technology of plating of two kinds of besmear in recent years: It is to use PVD to reach the carbon of the diamond structure with extremely high hardness of plating of scroll substance appearance in bearing ferrule (Diamond-Like Carbon, DLC) , exterior hardness is similar to PTFE or MoS2 than tall 40~80% of steel of hard bearing of temper by dipping in water, coefficient of friction, have self-lubricating characteristic, and as good as matrix union, without flake, bearing life, wearability rises substantially, still can work normally below the case that decides oil, be called " NoWear Bearing " [38]; 2 it is to use PSC spray of round outside the outer lane of bearing face the alumina after M of a 100 μ , make the insulation ability of bearing is as high as 1000V above, make through increasing the ply of alumina bearing has taller insulation capacity. The alumina of besmear plating and matrix union are firm, return what can raise bearing to be able to bear or endure corrode sex, the bearing after plating (INSOCOATTM Bearing) can undertake installing like general bearing [39] . Sulfur of microtherm ion ooze is 20 centuries the exterior modified technology that 80 time later period appears. Its fundamental and ionic nitriding are similar, spend in certain vacuum below, use high-pressured dc to make contain sulfur gas ionization, appearance of generated workpiece of sulfur ion bombard, the 10 μ M that gives priority to with FeS is generated to control thick sulfide layer in workpiece surface and iron reaction. Sulfide is good solid lubricant, reduce steel effectively the coefficient of friction that contacts the surface, and increase along with load, coefficient of friction is reduced further, because this can raise the wearability of the bearing below burden greatly, the life of bearing can rise 3 times the left and right sides. Microtherm phosphor changes the action likeness with ooze sulfur. Through setting work at the TAP solution of 40 ℃ (13 alkyl of phosphoric acid are acerbity fat) in the exterior layer that dip ooze 4h can obtain the Fe2O3 with 0.05~0.25 μ thick M and Fe4(P2O7)3 in workpiece surface, reduce coefficient of friction, raise wearability. The M50 steel bearing that changes via phosphor is in short-term card does not appear to die below the case that decides oil, the dependability that raised bearing [36] . Diffuse ooze chromium is to use aeriform method (pulverous law) undertake in 850~1100 ℃ , time is 1~9h, plant according to what the spare parts uses steel (Ш Х 15, 95 Х 18, 5 Ф of 55 С М А ) reach function to need to choose corresponding temperature and time, all can use in bearing production and rehabilitate. The diffusion layer after ooze by Cr2(NC)3, (Cr, fe)23C6 and (Cr, fe)7C3 composition, m of μ of layer deep 16~27, hardness 1650~1900HV. After ooze chromium has groovy heat treatment, hear resistance, be able to bear or endure corrode sex, wearability and osculatory exhaustion intensity all rise apparently [42] . 6 surfaces heat quench induction heats the surface quenchs is to use one of relatively extensive methods, the theory to this one craft and manufacturing application began former Russia more research [43~48] , its basically apply a circumstance to divide kind: The exterior induction that is railroad bearing heats quench, the ferrule classics response that uses 4 steeliness of Х of new material Ш heats after quenching, the surface is hard and the martensite organization of wear-resisting, core is the system of all alone family name with better tenacity, troostite, the surface is those who be as high as 500Mpa to press stress, its service life compares Ш Х 15 С Г makes bearing 1 times taller, when and eliminated ferrule completely be being used abrupt fragile the phenomenon that break, raised the dependability of bearing, function and mild steel cementite quench similar, but cost is far under latter. In the meantime, also develop corresponding special inductor and quench equipment, the burden bearing such as the rolling mill bearing that extends the gain that this one material and induction quench to requirement wear-resisting and tall tenacity; The induction heats the heat treatment that the another application that the surface quenchs is oversize bearing, reduce large bearing ferrule quench be out of shape and hardness is inhomogenous quality, save the investment cost of equipment at the same time. Japan [47] heats exterior induction quench successful ground applies at the car to wait fast be over the heat treatment to the section, those who include the surface inside axis of a flight of stairs, housing and raceway quench all heat by tailor-made inductive circle finish. The application of high frequency heat treatment and cold forging technology makes manufacturing cost is reduced greatly, the dependability of the product also rises substantially. Laser high-energy bundle exterior heat treatment is the new heat treatment method that develops in recent years [49~50] , use more CO2 to stimulate beam of light. Heat through laser the sclerotic layer that can obtain 0.25~2.0mm, compare with photograph of method of other case hardening, its have sclerotic layer deepness and positional control accurate, without be out of shape wait for an advantage. The martensite of hard layer of the temper by dipping in water after laser of surface of classics of spare parts of steel of tall carbon chromic bearing is sclerotic extremely petty, carbide distributings evener, leftover austenite is few, have taller hardness and slip wearability than temper of ordinary temper by dipping in water. Additional, laser high-energy bundle of heat source that still can regard the surface as besmear Fu craft, achievable surface quenchs and besmear Fu process, especially in recent years the development of accept rice technology, this one complex process has wide applied perspective in the finishing lieutenant general of accurate bearing spare parts. Developed country of industry of of 7.1 anneal equipment is in of of equipment of 7 bearing heat treatment early 669 time popularize 20 centuries in the round push rod type and ball of isotherm of roller bottom type convert annealing furnace, shorten anneal is periodic, managing the sources of energy, improve anneal quality. As the development of processing technique of bearing spare parts, nicety forgings reach accurate Zhan enlarge (cold Zhan) the adoption of craft, the treatment precision of part semifinished product is taller and taller, progressively promotion does not have turning craft less, brought the demand to protective atmosphere anneal from this. Industrial developed country uses protective atmosphere anneal generally already, process a volume in order to reduce the chance after anneal, improve treatment efficiency, section material is energy-saving, reduce cost. The heating installation of the tradition of tool equipment that 7.2 groovy martensite quench is bath furnace of the box type heat that does not take protective aura, salt or well type furnace, come nearly a few years, the tool equipment development that martensite quenchs basically centers in the following respects: (1) automation product line is current, the automatic product line that abroad introduces presses its structure (or the workpiece motion in furnace means) can divide for: Have Ma Fu net belt furnace and without Ma Fu the net takes product line of series of furnace, casting catenary furnace, roller bottom furnace, platen furnace, from on makings, before clean, protective atmosphere (may accuse atmosphere) next heating, quench, hind clean (still undertake 2 times sometimes deep cold) reach temper to all be finished automatically. Automation degree and control precision are tall, the quality of the workpiece after processing is even, some product line still deserve to have online detect equipment undertakes is out of shape to handling the work after or quality detects with control, the one part that product line of whole heat treatment can regard bearing as automatic product line is used. Diverse heat treatment product line applies to the heat treatment of different type and dimension bearing spare parts according to its structure characteristic, if the net takes furnace to apply to medium or small bearing ferrule; Roller bottom furnace deserves to have rise automatically fall quench device, apply to the bearing part with larger size; Platen furnace applies to scroll body and small-sized ferrule. (2) multi-purpose furnace is multi-purpose furnace can accuse next quenching that union is an organic whole to atmosphere heats and protect atmosphere, of the workpiece that finish quench without oxidation process, basically apply to the heat treatment of bearing spare parts of small lot much breed. (3) the induction heats induction of of equipment of temper of temper by dipping in water heats have heat speed is fast, energy-saving wait for an advantage, the workpiece after processing has a few convention to heat the function that does not have. Equipment volume is minor, easily compositive in bearing product line, realize automation production. (4) the oxidation that heats to be able to decrease or shun work below condition of vacuum of vacuum furnace , cooperate temper by dipping in water of tall calm sb's anger controallable the refrigeration of workpiece and be out of shape, the environment that avoided oily temper by dipping in water to bring pollutes a problem, realize clean heat treatment, additional, after vacuum heat treatment, the microstructure of workpiece is more petty and even, the surface and core organization are consistent, hardness is even, be helpful for bearing exhaustion life rise. (5) quench cooling medium and equipment quench medium can divide it is 3 kinds big: Oil radical, water radical and gas quench medium. Oil radical quenchs medium is the most commonly used quench medium. Common quenching oil is N32 or N15 mechanical oil, cool to raise its function, fight divide into equal parts of aging behavior, shining function, high temperature capability to be not joined urge cryogen, clear lotion, brightening agent, antioxidant, formed fast oil, fast and shining oil, high temperature to classification the series quenching oil such as isothermal oil is mixed with applying at different measurement of the bearing spare parts of the requirement quench, still have additionally low volatile vacuum quenching oil. Oil radical quenchs the defect of medium is to quench lampblack arises to create air in the process pollution, in subsequently water pollution is caused in cleaning a process. Water radical quenchs medium is the aqueous solution that comprises by organic polymer, corrosion inhibitor and other additive. Through the change the type of organic polymer is mixed chroma is attainable different cooling character differs with agreeing with of bearing spare parts quench refrigeration asks, in quench in cooling process, organic matter is adherent the spare parts can decrease to quench in spare parts surface the dangerous sex of craze, and do not produce lampblack, clean convenient, free from contamination, it is to quench the development direction of medium. Its are not worth is to fight aging behavior to be inferior to oil radical quenching medium, need to often have a test to solution, add organic matter solution to cool in order to assure its regularly function. Gas quenchs is to use inert gase to be medium (commonly used nitrogen) , quench what the nozzle eject that compresses gas to adopt special design realizes workpiece to workpiece surface cooling. The structure that adopts the pressure that moves solar term style and nozzle can control refrigeration character and be out of shape, the research that waits for a person like Tinscher [11] makes clear: When the velocity of flow of nitrogen achieves 100m/s, its refrigeration character and oily close, when doing not have special requirement to the brightness of the surface of workpiece, can use compress air to regard as quench medium, the oxidation layer of the 3~5 μ M that the surface when quenching forms can be passed the following grind treatment to get rid of. Gas quenchs compare water radical to quench cleaner, and cost is lower, its key technology is the structural design of nozzle. Quenching refrigeration equips is to divide quench workpiece is affected to quench outside medium the another big factor of the effect. Abroad executes multi-parameter to control to commonly used quenching oil chamfer, like oil the direction of lukewarm, oily cooling character, oily loop and agitate and speed, workpiece enters oily means to wait, quench in order to get to first-rate organization and function, at the same time be out of shape reduce the minorrest rate. The famous bearing firm such as Japanese NSK undertakes to quenching oil fixed or online detect, according to detecting the result adds needs additive or newer quenching oil; On the other hand, right of the workpiece after quenching be out of shape undertake online detect, be out of shape the workpiece of out of tolerance divides check automatically to go out, undertake correctional hind working procedure of the line below reentrance, can reduce workpiece greatly grind treatment allowance. Additional, quench the refrigeration of medium is cooled by boiler circulation stage by stage in oil groove instead complete wind is cold, use air to save many water natural resources as cooling medium. Multitask quench press also is abroad is used generally automatically quench tool, can finish automatically litre fall, fluctuation makings, fuel injection is cooling, oily lukewarm adjustment reach Zhang Jin (or pressure) adjust wait for a movement, personal computer control, manufacturing metre is adjustable, the one part that can regard bearing as automatic product line is applicable. (6) cleans rinsing equipment is the necessary process after oily temper by dipping in water normally. The rinsing equipment that place of serial production line uses finishs gush of bubble of hot black leach, clear water to drench commonly, the process such as sirocco drying, contain oily moisture to leave unit. In advanced rinsing equipment, still add before stoving have cooling unit 2 times (deserve to have refrigeration facility, temperature is adjustable between 5~10 ℃ ) , in order to reduce the content of leftover austenite, increase dimension stability. Vacuum is cleaned is the rinsing equipment that in recent years development rises. The boiling point after its use the volatile liquid reduce pressure such as quenching oil drops and the organic fluid such as oily, water, vapor heats together the principle that its boiling point also drops undertakes cleaning; Additional, in using mixing pump of special spirit, fluid to produce tiny air bubble interfuse to clean fluid, use what small bleb arises when workpiece surface burst to blow up the adhesion that force destroys besmirch and workpiece, improve the result that vacuum cleans further thereby. After advanced room is cleaned, room of the vacuum after entering, send the oil of remaining and water steam hand-in-hand travel vacuum through vacuumize fast and dry. The advantage of this kinds of rinsing equipment is: It is good to clean the effect, especially complex to the structure part, clean the effect more remarkable, surface of the workpiece after cleaning is shining; Safe, clean, clear lotion is clear water, do not add harmful to the environment chloride and oil kind solvent; Automation rate is high, and can use clean heat replace microtherm temper, save temper cost. The characteristic that isotherm of body of 7.3 shellfish family name quenchs equipment is machined according to bearing, uses device basically has two kinds big: Automatic product line and periodic furnace. (1) automatic product line: The bearing with little, big batch suits breed automation production, if the production of railroad bearing uses automatic product line more. Automatic product line basically is mixed by protective atmosphere heating furnace composition of isothermal quenching tank, wait for place of Wen Cuihuo part to press the movement that carries work to be able to divide again with equipment among them it is 3 kinds: Turn bottom, push dish reach conveyer belt form. By love assist Lin Gong department develops turn bottom, push disk type isotherm to quench equipment is turn bottom or push dish of orgnaization park isotherm in saline bath, workpiece presses certain metre pass in and out, memorial control goes out orderly makings, movement by PLC programme controll, rate of automation of this kinds of equipment is high, investment is large; The isotherm of conveyer belt type that develops by sanded humble company quenchs transfer matic and the net belt that use generally at present protect atmosphere to quench principle of transfer matic structure is similar, just be used quench medium is saline bath, this kind of equipment applies to the spare parts of small size only commonly. (2) periodic type isotherm quenchs equipment: Rolling mill bearing because breed much, batch is small, medium or small manufacturer of production of rolling mill bearing uses box type furnace to quench chamfer of cooling chamfer isotherm cleans groove more, also have use box type heat many isothermal chamfer. This configuration investment is little, applicability is strong, but labor strength is great, security is poor. Yi Pusen company multi-purpose furnace and body of shellfish family name quench isothermal union is an organic whole, avoided to be quenched to isotherm by heating installation the oxidation between, and isotherm uses air heat, match an incomplete salt to reclaim system, prevented the environmental pollution of incomplete salt. Besides, can use multi-purpose the processing that the characteristic of furnace has part of bearing of small lot much breed, overcame the dimension limitation of general and automatic isothermal equipment. Current, quench in isotherm of body of shellfish family name during be being popularized energetically, this equipment has very great promotion value. 7.4 protection atmosphere and control rise as what ask to quality of the surface after workpiece quenchs, protection (can accuse) atmosphere heats to gain ground more and more, the heat treatment that includes anneal inside all uses protection (may accuse) atmosphere heats. 20 centuries 70 time, basically use aura of mood of absorption of heat. Aura of mood of absorption of heat is raw material gas and airy gas mixture the protective atmosphere that divides reaction to form a kind to contain N2 of 42%H2 of 18 ～ 23%CO, 37 ～ , surplus in the action bottom of activator. 80 time, international energy crisis gives world economy to be attacked with tremendous favorable opposition, emerge as the times require of azotic radical atmosphere, nitrogen - the group share of methanol atmosphere and close of aura of mood of absorption of heat, with nitrogen - the nitrogen that methanol is a delegate base atmosphere gets be popularizinged extensively. 90 time, appeared to put through air and hydrocarbon into prep above continuously the method yield gas inside the chamber of a stove or furnace of 800 ° C, give birth to mood aura continuously namely. Through considering to discover, this kind contains the atmosphere of tall CH4 composition, although its gas reacts short of is similar to the equilibrium rate of aura of mood of absorption of heat, but the transmission ability of its carbon or will control by the content of the CO in atmosphere and H2, with oxygen probe combinative CO2 analyzer undertakes carbolic situation is controlled can come true. The main good point of aura of straight unripe formula was to save raw material to enrage wastage in great quantities, according to statistic this is planted no matter atmosphere is used in furnace of periodic mood aura or successional atmosphere furnace, gas of its raw material uses up cost saving 70% the left and right sides. Today, the whole world has many 300 to cover atmosphere furnace to use this kind of atmosphere to undertake nitrogen of cementite, carbon about in all atmosphere of ooze, protection quenchs wait for a variety of heat treatment. In last few years actual application makes clear, the service life of oxygen probe is errant, the progressively drift of oxygen probe signal is the typical blemish be caused by of fixed electrolyte. Because this kind of drift basically suffers the effect of furnace operating conditions, and the beginning of drift and substantially cannot foreknow adrift, difference also cannot foreknow between the carbolic power that measures by oxygen probe so and real value. Accordingly, people is regular its measure desired result precision, for example, monday second, the foil that use steel decides carbon piece will detect oxygen probe signal is lack fidelity, this is a troublesome job really, go against furnace implementation is full automatic change, can affect normal production even sometimes. In view of afore-mentioned reasons, ipsen developed double survey a system. Among them one takes standard oxygen probe to be used at normal control carbon power, another independence measures a system to be used at detecting the working state of this oxygen probe, namely the carbolic power that these two systems measure atmosphere respectively, appear when the result when very big error, can call the police. This measures systematic work component the 2nd times can be CO2 infra-red analyzer, also can be probe of oxygen of a miniature (λ - probe) , up to now, already a lot of atmosphere furnace installed this to plant double survey a system.
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